Alexander II

The son of Nicholas I, Alexander II succeeded in 1855.

He emancipated the serfs in 1861, and introduced legal, and military reforms. He extended the Russian frontiers into the Caucasus and Central Asia, and defeated Turkey in the last of the Russo-Turkish wars (1877-8). He was assassinated.

Shajahan

Grandson of Akbar, he unsuccessfully rebelled against his father, Jehangir, in 1622, reconciled with him three years later and proclaimed himself ruler after his father's death.

He created the Taj Mahal (1632-49), in memory of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He was imprisoned in 1657 during a power struggle between his four sons, and died in captivity.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Born in India, schooled in England and graduated at Cambridge University.

Back in India Nehru supported Gandhi's civil disobedience movement and for the next 27 years worked unceasingly for Indian independence, often imprisoned by the British.

Several times president of the Indian National Congress he became India's first prime minister (1947-64). He established parliamentary government and became a leader of nonalignment in world affairs.

Abraham Lincoln

President Lincoln fought a war to hold the Union together. Without him two hostile nations would have emerged sharing the same continent.
Born in a log cabin to a modest farm family near Hodgenville, Kentucky. Lincoln studied law on his own and in 1837 begun a law practice in Springfield, the capital of Illinois. He briefly served first in the Illinois state legislature and then in the U.S. House of Representatives.

In 1858 Lincoln run for the U.S. Senate against Stephen A. Douglas, who led the Democratic accommodation to slave interests. The historic debates between the two men secured Lincoln a national following, which led to his becoming the presidential nominee of the new anti-slavery Republican Party in 1860.

Shortly after his election as the 16th President of the U.S. the Southern States seceded and Civil War erupted. Under his leadership the Northern States prevailed and the American Union was preserved.

This success was achieved because Lincoln proved to be a leader with extraordinary political skill. He was at first defining the war as being fought over secession rather than slavery. Later when the time was right, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation, thereby interpreting the war as a crusade against slavery.

With his immortal Gettysburg Address, Lincoln further defined the war as the struggle for preservation of the democratic idea, which he called 'government of the people, by the people, for the people.'

Having seen the victory of the Union forces in April 1865, Lincoln sought to heal the wounds of war but was assassinated a few days after victory.

mahatma ghandi

Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule.
Remarkably, in the midst of our most violent century, he prevailed in battle without guns and swords.

His title Mahatma (Great Soul) connotes his spiritual reputation. The Mahatma used his religious power for social reforms and the abolition of the caste system.

Gandhi was born in India but studied law in London, and in 1893 went to South Africa, where he spent 20 years opposing discriminatory legislation against Indians.

In 1914 he returned to India, where he supported the Home Rule movement and where he organized nonviolent civil disobedience campaigns as a means to gain Indian independence.

In 1930 he led a 200 miles march to the sea to collect salt in defiance of the government monopoly. In 1931 he attended the London Round Table Conference on Indian constitutional reform.

After independence (1947), he tried to stop the Hindu--Muslim conflict in Bengal, a policy which led to his assassination in Delhi by a Hindu fanatic.

akbar

Akbar was the greatest of the Mogul emperors. During his long reign he controlled most of north and central India.
Akbar was the grandson of Babar, the first Mogul emperor. He took the throne at age 13 after the death of his father Humayun. He seized control of Northern India and built a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri.

Akbar had a great interest in all religions and was known for his religious tolerance and justice.

At Fatehpur Sikri he organized a discours among religious scholars, priests, and mystics after which he issued his remarkable 'Edict of Toleration for all religions'. He declared the equality of rights for all men, because he wanted to make every able man in India, whatever his race or religion, available for public works.

Despite the resistance of orthodox Muslims he won the support of many Hindus, including the Rajputs, and warriors.
Free from prejudices and tolerant to men of other beliefs he was able to weld the conflicting elements of his kingdom into a strong and prosperous whole.

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